Introductory. Something That Humans All Have In Common,

Introductory Something that humans all have in common, is aging. Every single one of us ages and as we age a lot of us get to have a friend along the way. That friend is aching pain. This aching pain can stem from a certain disease, named osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis is â€Å"the most common rheumatic disease, primarily affecting the articular cartilage and the subchondral bone of a synovial joint, eventually resulting in joint failure.† (Fransen, 2015) Chances are that someone close to you has osteoarthritis as it is a very prevalent chronic disease. Living with a chronic disease does not bring much joy and preventative measures can be taken to avoid the pain or interventions can be used to make the pain bearable. Some interventions that†¦show more content†¦Exercise is something that can easily be taught to patients and nurses have the prime opportunity to educate patients that are at risk or have osteoarthritis before they need a joint replacement surgery. Mobili ty is a huge part of each individual’s life and joints play a crucial role in one’s mobility. When a joint’s function decreases a person’s mobility, many other things are at risk to decrease as well such as skin integrity and the cardiovascular system. As a nurse, it is important to treat patients holistically and when one part is not functioning, such as the joint, it is our job to bring function back to improve one’s health overall. Methods Many of the studies reviewed followed similar methods to collecting data related to exercise and knee osteoarthritis. There were many systematic reviews that supported this PICO question and determined whether land-based therapeutic exercise is beneficial for people with knee osteoarthritis in terms of reduced joint pain or improved physical function and quality of life. All of the studies had searched various databases, which included, MEDLINE, EMBASE, The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro), Google scholar and OpenGrey. Randomized control trials were put to use andShow MoreRelatedMassive Open Online Courses957 Words   |  4 Pageson who can join the courses providing an incredible accessibility to learning for people all over the world. However, as is common with many central issues, there are a large range of opinions for and against MOOCs. A udrey Watters, a journalist for many publications such as MindShift, and Edutopia, wrote an article for High School Alternative Programs titled, â€Å"Massive Open Online Courses Are Overhyped and Have Serious Problems for K-12.† In this article, Watters expresses that she believes that MOOCsRead MoreSocial Influence Conformity Essay examples763 Words   |  4 Pageswhen participants of the group test were to proceed as individuals those answers had become internalised and a lack of individuality was now seen amongst group. This shows that group norms still tend to influence even after the group is split. lt;Introductory Psychology, Malim and Birch, Macmillan press, 1998gt; Unfortunately this study lacks ecological validity due to its lab based conditions,(Success in Psychology, 2nd Edition, Twining, 1998) and its focus on artificial stimuli, another factor thatRead MoreAntibiotic Essay760 Words   |  4 PagesName: Ridhwan Muzaki Class: DBS3B21 Admin no: P0715427 Module: Introductory pharmacology Assignment: Reflection- Anti-infective journal To begin with, I truly believe that the researchers, who have devoted their lives into studying the dynamics of drug interactions for the purpose of enhancing microbial eradication, are heroes in their own right. They have abide to do something with all their heart and soul for the better of mankind. 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He divided the human mind into three different states, overlapping from consciousness to unconsciousness, and maintained that ideas or â€Å"psychic energy† could neither be created nor destroyed, but simply flowed back and forth between the states (Alexander). According the Freud, the unconscious mind was further divided between the overtly moral superego and the pleasure-seekingRead MoreConflict Is A Natural Part Of Any Human Interaction779 Words   |  4 PagesConflict is a natural part of any human interaction. In the workplace, conflict is necessary. Judge and Robbins define conflict as, â€Å"a process that begins when one party perceives that another party has negatively affected, or is about to negatively affect something that the first party cares about† (2009). One could imply that a workplace without conflict is staffed with people who must not care about anything. 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In this swift blow, Niccolà ² Machiavelli seems to strike down many visions of morality put up on pedestals by thinkers before his time. He doesnt turn to God or to some sort of common good for his political morality. Instead, he turns to the individual?more specifically, self-preservation in a position ofRead MoreLanguage As A System Of Communication1053 Words   |  5 Pageswords for language the top alternative is verbal communication , words , speech and talking . Consider the following definitions of language found in dictionaries and introductory textbooks: a. Language is a system of arbitrary, vocal symbols which permit all people in a given culture, or other people who have learned the system of that culture, to communicate or interact (Finocchario 1964:8) b. Language is a system of communication by sound, operating through the organs of speech andRead MoreThe Impact Of Trigger Warnings On University Campuses And Schools923 Words   |  4 Pageshalls of universities all over the country, two essays discuss how a modern phenomenon will impact their environment. Greg Lukianoff and Jonathan Haidt co-wrote the extensive The coddling of the American Mind, a cover story for the Atlantic September 2015 issue, while Aaron R. Hanlon wrote a response essay with the New Republic, The Trigger Warning Myth, shortly after. Lukianoff and Haiot define trigger warnings, as alerts that professors are expected to issue if something in a course might cause

Ruthless Ap World History Comparative Essay Aztec and Inca Samples Strategies Exploited

Ruthless Ap World History Comparative Essay Aztec and Inca Samples Strategies Exploited The Benefits of Ap World History Comparative Essay Aztec and Inca Samples Such an essay can be a great deal of fun! Thus, looking at a comparative essay example readily available in our website is a great method to understand how to compose such kind of essays. Make certain you stick to the appropriate outline and format. Maintaining the important points of dissimilarities and similarities linked to the essay topic will allow you to discuss things in a better method in the last copy. Who Else Wants to Learn About Ap World History Comparative Essay Aztec and Inca Samples? It is possible to also order a fully written compare and contrast essay and alleviate the quantity of work you need to do. If you opt to write on comparative essay topics you have to realize that you must do much more research especially because here you'll be comparing a couple of things thus you might be working on more things than two things. If you opt to write on a comparative essay topic you have to understand you have to do much more research especially because here you'll be comparing a couple of things thus you might be working on more things than two things. Refer to a former reading or a personal experience to back up your perspective. By browsing compare and contrast essay examples, an individual can observe that a common assignment is made up of 3 sections which include an introduction, discussion of your primary concept, the particular issues to study. Introduction with the effective hook and thesis statement stays the same. It's possible to restate your thesis statement and point out a number of the arguments used over the whole essay that backs it up. In the introduction paragraph, mention your thesis statement plus a succinct explanation of the most important topic you will explore. What Does Ap World History Comparative Essay Aztec and Inca Samples Mean? Picking out the app ropriate topics might take a while in case you don't have a list of sample topics before you. Since you may see, the topics are broken up into multiple categories so it would be simpler that you select one. Following that, you can't locate a perfect topic. A number of the essay topics below may appear to contain subjects that don't have anything in common. Meanwhile, should you need any assistance with your academic writing or simply wish to have a custom made essay, let us know. If you are in need of a custom made essay, why don't you contact the expert writers of ProfEssays.com. All you have to do is learn how to compose comparative essay and locate some exceptional, original comparative essay topics. There are a lot of possible compare and contrast essay topics, and a number of them are difficult to perform. While writing a comparative essay all you will need to do is keep in mind the fundamentals of essay writing and after that add the comparison in the essay. Writing on comparative essay topics you will be given all you should do is keep in mind the fundamentals of essay writing and after that add the comparison in the essay. Essay samples become helpful once you are searching for ideas about how to begin your essay writing task. It is crucial to know the comparative essay format. If you must compose a comparative essay but is unaware on how it is possible to do one effectively, you can browse through the samples that we've gathered for you so that you can be more informed on how best to structure both the content and layout of this type of essay. Writing a great essay might be a bit of cake if you're feeling inspired. Details of Ap World History Comparative Essay Aztec and Inca Samples Let's take a better look at some structural facets of comparative analysis essays. Mention similarities and the way both ideas differ. So now you understand how to pick the best compare and contrast topics and the various segments that you have to address when writing. Comparative analysis as a writing technique isn't the simplest task to do. Good comparative essay topic samples might help you comprehend the concept better. Teacher will certainly value an exceptional composition that comprises no mistakes. Your argument ought to be based on your own opinion. Any sphere and degree of complexity is going to be handled successfully. If you're going to write a comparative essay, you will need to get a notion of the impacts of distinct aspects to the result which you might get at the conclusion of the writing activity. In order to understand what you are able to count on from the job, it is essential to comprehend the comparative analysis definition fully. Ap World History Comparative Essay Aztec and Inca Samples Ideas A comparative analysis is among the most well-known forms of assignments that are often given in colleges or universities. Research is step one. Each sort of research paper has a goal. Most often, college students who understa nd how to compose an academic paper will begin writing about the simplest topic they can encounter.

Arthritis Essay Example For Students

Arthritis Essay Osteoarthritis is a degenerative arthritis, a condition in which joint cartilage degenerates or breaks down. New tissue, which grows at the ends of bones, now has no cartilage cap to control it. Instead, this new bone forms into strange lips and spurs that grind and grate and get in the way of movement of the joint. Osteoarthritis is common in older people after years of wear-and-tear that thin the cartilage and the bones. Osteoarthritis can also result from diseases in which there is softening of the bone, like Pagets disease in which the long bones of the body curve like a bow, or osteoporosis with its bowing of the shoulder called dowagers hump, or other bone degeneration. Other forms of arthritis can also cause a secondary osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis is not an inevitable problem of aging. Those who dont suffer from it may have their heredity and possibly the strength of their immune systems to thank. Medical science is not quite sure of all the factors that come into play in d eciding who gets osteoarthritis and who doesnt. Rheumatoid arthritis is an inflammatory arthritis. It is second only to osteoarthritis in the number of its victims. It affects primarily the small joints in the hands and feet and the synovium, causing crippling deformities. This is an arthritis that usually starts in middle age or earlier. Estimates of the incidence of rheumatoid arthritis run as high as one person in every hundred, and females are two to three times as likely to suffer from it. It seems to start more in the winter and after some siege of sickness, but it is not considered an infective arthritis. Nobody knows what causes rheumatoid arthritis. There may be some hereditary trait, and there seems to be some connection to viral infections like German measles and serum hepatitis, the liver disease brought on by an injection of one kind or another. Because of this, scientists theorize that rheumatoid arthritis may be an autoimmune disease, one in which the body acts as though it were allergic to itself. The immune system gets mixed up and attacks normal joint tissue instead of the stuff it is supposed to attack. Polyarteritis Nodosa is also an inflammatory arthritis, fortunately it is a rare form of arthritis. It can lead to complications that are dangerous to life. It affects four times as many males as females, mostly young adults. There is joint and muscle pain, ulcers or sores on the legs and gangrene of the fingers and toes because of interrupted blood supply to those parts. The organs of the body are almost all involved, producing symptoms like sudden blindness, hemiplegia, and heart disease. Aggressive treatment prevents death, which at one time resulted within five years. Miraculously, some cases simply get better for no apparent reasons, called spontaneous remission. Ankylosing Spondylitis is an inflammatory arthritis of the spine which causes ankylosing or fusing of the vertebrae. It is more common in young men that women, and more common in the population than is generally realized. Statistics show that this condition may affect as many as one in every one hundred persons. There is an Indian tribe in Vancouver, in which over 6 percent of the population suffers from ankylosing spondylitis, and this and other statistics show that there is a strong hereditary element. Ankylosing starts in the lower part of the spine and causes a mild stoop at first. As the vertebrae ankylose further up the spine, the stoop gets more pronounced. If the ankylosis reaches the cervical vertebrae, the head bows and the body makes a C. Now the victim of ankylosing spondylitis can only look downward and within the field of eye movements. This constricted field increases the awkwardness of the persons manner of walking. Despite this disability, function is usually good ex cept for fatigue. Sometimes the heart, stomach, and kidneys can be affected by abnormal posture. Stills disease is the other kind of inflammatory arthritis. It is often called juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. It is not a young form of rheumatoid arthritis, but it is an inflammatory arthritis of juveniles. Stills disease is a rare disease that can affect children to the age of 16, affecting the growth of the limbs so that normal length in one or both legs may not be achieved. It also can cause eye disease and even blindness. Although usually classified as an inflammatory arthritis, Stills disease may also be considered an infective arthritis because it is usually secondary to infections like leukemia, rheumatic fever, sickle cell anemia, and other diseases. Osteoarthritis of the spine is called Spondylosis. The joints degenerate and the weight of the body is supported incorrectly. .uab249122f71733c59bc08153c29d1f73 , .uab249122f71733c59bc08153c29d1f73 .postImageUrl , .uab249122f71733c59bc08153c29d1f73 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uab249122f71733c59bc08153c29d1f73 , .uab249122f71733c59bc08153c29d1f73:hover , .uab249122f71733c59bc08153c29d1f73:visited , .uab249122f71733c59bc08153c29d1f73:active { border:0!important; } .uab249122f71733c59bc08153c29d1f73 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uab249122f71733c59bc08153c29d1f73 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uab249122f71733c59bc08153c29d1f73:active , .uab249122f71733c59bc08153c29d1f73:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uab249122f71733c59bc08153c29d1f73 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uab249122f71733c59bc08153c29d1f73 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uab249122f71733c59bc08153c29d1f73 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uab249122f71733c59bc08153c29d1f73 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uab249122f71733c59bc08153c29d1f73:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uab249122f71733c59bc08153c29d1f73 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uab249122f71733c59bc08153c29d1f73 .uab249122f71733c59bc08153c29d1f73-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uab249122f71733c59bc08153c29d1f73:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Major Issues discussed by Indus Khamit-Kush EssayBacterial infective arthritis is an infective arthritis. A deep wound that penetrates a joint is a direct source of bacterial infection. But usually the infection is elsewhere, in a cut or abscessed teeth or boils, in a sickness caused by Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, or Proteus bacteria. The arthritis these cause is accompanied by high fever and chills. Gonorrhea, a sexually transmitted disease, can cause arthritis, Gonorrheal arthritis generally attacks only one or two joints but makes patients very sick, with a lot of pain, fever, and skin sores. Syphilis, a venereal disease that can progress through three stages of disa bility, often shows arthritis in the second and third stages. Virus infections like rubella, mumps, some flu, and some upper-respiratory infections may sometimes bring on a temporary bout of arthritis or inflammation of the synovium. Viral hepatitis can also cause arthralgia, pain in the joints that is like arthritis. Only rarely dos a true arthritis result from viral hepatitis. Viral infective arthritis is an infective arthritis. Some fungal infections can cause arthritis, but it is very rare because fungi do not seem to attack the skeletal system to any degree. When they do, other systems are also involved. The primary cause of fungal infective arthritis is the long-term antibiotic therapy used to combat the fungus. Gout is a metabolic arthritis that for some reason has always been laughed at, by every body but those who have it. Many is the old movie, like Little Lord Fauntleroy, that derides some crotchety old man with his heavily bandaged and protected foot propped up on a gout stool wielding his cane at anyone coming anywhere near him. And well he might, for that foot has a big toe with a giant pain that is exquisitely sensitive to touch. We know that gout attacks other joints than the big toe, in particular the knee and the thumb. One of the end products of the metabolism of certain foods is uric acid, found normally in urine. Excessive uric acid stays in the bloodstream and crystallizes around the joints. These irritating chemical crystals cause gout, which is sometimes called crystal arthritis. They can also form kidney stones. Psoriatic arthritis is a metabolic arthritis that is a common, inherited disease of the skin, a chronic condition that seems to be made worse by stress. Lesions of psoriasis may involve only a small area of the skin or, in its worst form, cover the entire body. When the skin is broken down over very large portions of the body, the internal temperature is affected, often resulting in high fevers, and the protection of the skin gives against invading infections is lost. For some unknown reason psoriasis is accompanied by its own form of arthritis. When the psoriasis gets worse, so does the arthritis, unless the joint has suffered too much damage. The hands particularly can be very disabled. Enteropathic arthritis is an arthritis that is associated with intestinal diseases. It affects the large joints of the lower limbs, then gradually disappears. Post-enteric arthritis is really an infective arthritis, but it is classified here with its relative. This arthritis starts after a gastrointestinal infection, particularly one caused by the bacteria Salmonella. Allergy causing substances can cause an arthritis is a relatively new and not widely accepted concept. Serum sickness, the hypersensitivity to drugs, can also cause an allergic arthritis. Treatment for arthritis depends on the symptoms and varies with the physician, who may be a rhematologist, an orthopedist, a physiatrist, or a general practitioner. But there are some specifics. Surgery can be performed on vertebrae to relieve the exaggerated stoop of spondylitis or to remove the bone growth pressing on nerves in spondylosis. An arthritic knee or hip joint can be replaced with an artificial joint that works amazingly well, particularly in the hip, and relieves limping and pain. Bunions can be surgically removed, ligaments repaired, offending bony growths or calcifications removed. Of course, not everyone can undergo the trauma of surgery. The elderly, the overweight, the diabetic, the patient with heart or lung disease face more danger from surgery than from arthritis. And not many arthritic conditions benefit from surgery. Anti-inflammatory substances are administered when the joints show inflammation. Corticosteroids, substances derived from hormones produced in th e outer layer of the adrenal gland, are often used to reduce inflammation. Direct injection into an inflamed bursa or joint or synovial tissue helps relieve pain in traumatic arthritis and the acute stages of the inflammatory arthritides. But the side effects of steroids on their organs of the body limit their use. In children, steroids can stunt growth. Other anti-inflammatory agents are drugs like ibuprofen, indomethacin, and gold. Instead of trying to turn salt into gold, todays alchemists turn gold into a salt form and use it as an anti-inflammatory agent in early rheumatoid arthritis and some cases of lupus and osteoarthritis. The first consideration in every arthritis is to relieve pain. The most common pain reliever is aspirin. Heat is also used to relive pain. Most arthritides have no cure, and in those cases therapy is directed toward making the patient more comfortable and more functional.

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Animal Farm Essay Complete

Animal Farm Essay Complete Animal Farm Essay Complete ‘A knowledge of the Russian Revolution is needed to truly understand Animal Farm.’ To what extent do you agree? George Orwell’s Animal Farm – published in 1945 – is a satirical allegory on the Russian Revolution. Orwell explained in his preface that the novel was his method of, â€Å"exposing the Soviet myth,† which generated a great amount of controversy at the time. He states this piece was intended to clear all misconceptions of the Soviet ideals of ‘everyone being equal’ and exploited all its flaws. The characters play major roles in retelling the Russian Revolution, with the plot’s events strongly resembling the historical timeline. Animal Farm can also be read as a fable, with only the less obscure morals within being conceived. For such reasons, the novel can be read without background knowledge; however a brief understanding of the Russian Revolution is necessary to unveil the deeper allegorical elements Orwell is portraying to the readers. Orwell utilises his characters to recreate the Russian Revolution and imitate the prominent figures and classes of society involved. In the opening, Old Major is introduced as the leader of the farm animals, to symbolise the likes of Karl Marx and Vladimir Lenin, who were both significant in establishing the foundations of communism. Old Major organises a gathering for the animals to share knowledge of a dream in which he comes to the realisation that â€Å"Man is the only creature that consumes without producing†¦ yet he is lord of all the animals† and they must rebalance the inequalities placed upon them through â€Å"work night and day†¦ for the overthrow of the human race†. This speech was heavily based upon Marx’s The Communist Manifesto and Old Major was used to captured the same essence of it, essentially exposing the flaws of capitalism and a rebellion must occur of a â€Å"dictatorship of the proletariat† to counter this. A hierarchy is created in the animals to symbolise the different ‘classes’ of the time. The animals are categorised in order of significance through a hierarchy as they congregate at Old Major’s meeting. The more influential animals are introduced with more complexity, as â€Å"first came the three dogs, Bluebell, Jessie, and Pincher, and then the pig† and the level of detail gradually decreases through the progression of the characters until it is merely â€Å"last of all came the cat† which does not bother to specify detail, thus drawing more attention toward the aforementioned animal’s influential presence over their peers. The pigs use the dogs to reinforce their reign over the other animals and abuse their power, similar to Stalin’s control of the KGB to do his bidding. Napoleon takes on the responsibility to â€Å"wean† the dogs and â€Å"make himself responsible for their education,† which ultimately leads to their transformatio n into â€Å"huge dogs†¦ as fierce-looking as wolves†; mindless murderers on Napoleons command, and a representation of Stalin’s abuse of power over the KGB to assassinate and execute anybody who opposed his leadership. Each individual character is a representation in itself to convey messages of their purpose in the society and acts as a summary of the complex, more expansive back story of the Russian Revolution. Many of the plot elements follow the events of the Russian Revolution to explore the manipulation that occurred. After Snowball is accused of betrayal, Napoleon then places him in exile, akin to the happenings of the Russian Revolution. Napoleon appears to be against Snowball’s ideas of â€Å"the pigs†¦ should decide all questions of farm policy,† as long as it were â€Å"ratified by a majority vote,† and sends â€Å"nine enormous dogs†¦ into the barn† to attack Snowball who â€Å"sprang†¦ just in time to escape.† This mirrors Trotsky’s exile as he began to criticise Stalin’s Communist Party, in this case depicted through his straying away and leaning toward democracy, which lead to his removal from the Communist party and exile from Russia. The Battle of the Cowshed represents

Boot camps Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Boot camps - Essay Example Gaylene Styve Armstrong is also an author and a visiting assistant professor who works with the Administration of Justice Department in Arizona State University West in Phoenix. Lastly, there is Ojmarrh Mitchell who is a research assistant professor in Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice in University of Maryland. Other than Mitchell, the rest of the authors are PhD holders. This research was funded and given full support after the funding by Corrections Program Office in the US Department of Justice. The funds were transferred to the researchers through the National Institute of Justice (NIJ). The problem under research was that despite the growth in the boot camps’ popularity over the years from 1990, the environment under which the correction to the juvenile offenders was carried out was still traditional using military-style methods of management. The research therefore aims to provide the staff of these boot camps with more control over the juveniles but at the same time maintain a safe environment for correction. The hypothesis is that the use of boot camps in comparison with the traditional facilities for juvenile offenders is more effective and provides more positive impact on juvenile correctional programs and institutions. The population studied was both the juveniles and the staff. The juveniles were 4121 and the staff 1362. The sampling technique employed was systematic sampling starting from the state to the agencies responsible for the boot camps and finally to the particular boot camps. This therefore made the sample to have 27 boot camps and 22 traditional facilities. The methods used to collect data were structured interviews and questionnaires. The questionnaires were administered to the juveniles and lower staff while the administrators were subjected to the structured interviews. The analysis was done by use of factor analysis method where fourteen scales (Perceptual Environmental

Juvenile Delinquency Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Juvenile Delinquency - Article Example Identifying kids at risk of becoming delinquents must be done in the earliest years of a child’s life because the earlier a child starts to commit crimes, the subsequent crimes are more likely to be violent ones. The authors separated their study into two parts. They differentiated their findings based on sex. They found that in the course of their study, males and females exhibited some strikingly different attributes that lead to criminality. While many of the factors are the same for males and females, the authors were quick to point out that understanding the differences between male and female was important for early intervention efforts. When examining the data on male juvenile delinquents, the authors found that a cluster of factors seemed to be shared by all of the male juvenile delinquents. The most commonly shared characteristic was low social economic status. The majority of all incarcerated male delinquents that were a part of the study grew up either in poverty or very poor. Economic stresses were identified as a major factor in predicting juvenile crime. Another factor that contributes to male juvenile delinquency is exposure to trauma and violence early in childhood. Half of the participants in the study report being physically abused or witnessing acts of physical violence against family members. The authors point out that experiencing these sorts of traumas can lead to psychopathologies that result in criminal acts. Many male juvenile delinquents display signs of these pathologies. They have higher rates of depression, self-abuse, and remorselessness than does the non-delinquent population. A final indicator of an increased threat of delinquent activity is family structure. Males growing up in single family homes are more than twice as likely to commit crimes than males growing up in a home with both biological parents present.